Tag: Economics
Improving Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic’s Cross-Border Trade with the People’s Republic of China
Overview
Trade between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has traditionally been viewed through the lens of high-level agreements and major industries. However, a closer look highlights the crucial role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as the driving force behind this trade.
While traditional cross-border commerce remains dominant, the growth of e-commerce has introduced both opportunities and challenges for SMEs. Given their substantial contributions to gross domestic product—36.5% in Kazakhstan and 43.3% in Kyrgyz Republic—these businesses are well-positioned to capitalize on expanding trade with the PRC. As a global leader in cross-border e-commerce, PRC has significantly influenced these evolving trade dynamics.
A study published by the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC)[1] Institute analyzes the key drivers of trade between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, and the PRC from the perspective of businesspeople. Special attention is given to the role of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in this trade, considering its historical, cultural, religious, and ethnic ties with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic.
Trade Strategies with PRC
Qualitative interviews with entrepreneurs from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic involved in cross-border trade with the PRC revealed that Central Asian companies use five strategies in their trade with the PRC:
- Direct trade with Xinjiang: Given its geographical proximity and established trade infrastructure, Xinjiang serves as a key hub for direct trade. In addition, many of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic’s businesspeople have relatives in Xinjiang who assist in sourcing Chinese commodities and coordinate the smooth transfer of goods. These companies frequently engage in cross-border transactions with Xinjiang-based suppliers and distributors, leveraging cultural, regional and economical possibilities. Kazakhstani citizens can also travel visa-free to the PRC for 30 days, so they visit Xinjiang anytime to find suppliers, contacts, etc.
- Direct trade with southern PRC regions: Some companies extend their trade networks to southern PRC, particularly Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces, which are known for manufacturing hubs and export-oriented industries. They also do business in Guangzhou and Shanghai. This strategy allows access to a broader range of products, factories, and competitive pricing, though it often requires more logistical coordination and higher transportation costs.
- Orders from Chinese marketplaces: Electronic commerce platforms have become increasingly popular among Central Asian SMEs. These marketplaces enable businesses to source goods directly from Chinese manufacturers and wholesalers, often at lower costs. However, this strategy requires familiarity with digital tools, knowledge of the Chinese language, and reliable payment and logistics solutions.
- Repurchase from local companies: Some businesses opt to source Chinese goods indirectly by purchasing from local intermediaries or distributors, who have already imported products from the PRC at a low price and in large quantities. Small shops that sell clothes, footwear, fabrics, and other items purchase commodities from local warehouses. This reduces the complexity of cross-border trade but may result in higher costs due to added margins.
- Utilization of the Khorgos Free Economic Zone (FEZ): The Khorgos FEZ, located on the Kazakhstan–PRC border, serves as a critical trade and logistics hub. SMEs use the economic zone to streamline customs procedures, reduce tariffs, and facilitate the storage and re-export of goods. SMEs purchase commodities at a cheaper price and re-sell on the local market and/or trade centers. This strategy is advantageous for businesses looking to minimize costs and enhance efficiency in cross-border trade.
The adoption of these strategies depends on the company’s size, industry, and access to resources. Larger firms with greater financial and logistical capabilities are more likely to diversify their approaches to maximize their competitive advantage by combining direct trade with factories and e-commerce. In contrast, smaller SMEs may focus on one or two strategies due to resource constraints, often relying on intermediaries or localized trade networks. This strategic diversity highlights the adaptability of Central Asian businesses in navigating the complexities of trade with the PRC.
Challenges
Lack of interest in factories. Businesses in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic show little interest in Urumqi’s (northwestern PRC) factories, which produce limited goods. Entrepreneurs who come to Urumqi deal with companies’ representatives operating from warehouses near wholesale bazaars. The product range presented by these companies is usually limited and delivered to Urumqi at a higher price. For Central Asian entrepreneurs who have only started doing their businesses in Urumqi, local representatives (local Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and Kyrgyz, known as pomogaiki) provide services such as supplier searches, translation, and negotiations, and charge 100–200 yuan per day or take a 20% commission on purchases.
High markups. Majority of goods delivered to Central Asian markets from the PRC, have a substantial markup, several times higher than the original price charged by the supplier. For example, fabrics at Madina Bazaar in Kyrgyz Republic’s capital, Bishkek, pass through multiple resale stages. This supply chain can involve 5–7 markups. Re-branding and reselling are common not just in textiles but also in other sectors, including equipment, home products, and furniture.
Regulatory barriers. Despite efforts to export local products to the PRC, stringent certification, licensing, and laboratory requirements remain as major obstacles. Attempts of companies in Kyrgyz Republic to sell camel milk, nuts, dried fruits, and licorice on an e-commerce platform have largely been unsuccessful due to certification challenges and unmet volume requirements.
Need for intermediaries. To ensure quality of goods, Central Asian businesses hire intermediaries in the PRC to negotiate and inspect orders, with fees reaching up to 20% of the contract value. Finding reliable intermediaries can be challenging due to market competition and the risk of fraud.
High order volumes. Working with businesses in southern PRC regions is feasible mainly for medium and large enterprises due to high financial commitments, with fabrics are sold in wholesale quantities, far beyond most Kyrgyz Republic producers’ needs. Kyrgyz manufacturers prefer smaller purchases to test the market, avoiding the risk of unsold inventory.
Opportunities
Affordability for SMEs. Trade with Xinjiang is well suited for small-scale businesses. Kyrgyz Republic’s shop owners use industry contacts to send images of needed goods via an app; negotiate prices, quantities, and delivery dates with Urumqi suppliers; and arrange shipments. Transactions are fast and convenient, allowing them to order small quantities to test market demand. If demand grows and funds are available, they can explore other sourcing and delivery channels.
PRC–Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway. Kyrgyz Republic’s business sector is optimistic about the PRC–Kyrgyz Republic–Uzbekistan railway, especially as it passes through Torugart, a key border crossing. Located near this crossing, Naryn’s Free Economic Zone offers significant opportunities and has the potential to become a logistics and trade hub similar to Khorgos. This would enable businesses to buy Chinese goods and resell them locally at higher profits.
Unlike Khorgos, which is unpopular due to poor infrastructure and unfavorable and unprofitable conditions, Naryn’s duty-free zone is expected to be well received, boosting regional development. Kashgar’s Free Trade Zone in Xinjiang will supply goods like fabrics and fittings, reducing logistics costs and enhancing cooperation. However, development of the railway and Naryn’s FEZ may divert to Kazakhstan trade routes currently passing through Khorgos in Kyrgyz Republic.
Installment payments. Paying sellers in Xinjiang in installments makes it convenient for buyers in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic to do business. Most transactions occur informally through local intermediaries, who confirm payments with Chinese partners.
Positioning beyond trade. Enhancing Khorgos’ appeal as a shopping and sightseeing destination could attract more visitors and diversify revenue streams. Positioning the free economic zone as a regional trade and cultural exchange hub could strengthen its importance in Central Asia.
Policy Recommendations
The proposed policy actions may guide policymakers, trade facilitators, and business stakeholders seeking to improve the cross-border trade of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic with the PRC.
- Introduce a visa-free regime. Kyrgyz Republic and the PRC can negotiate bilateral agreements to facilitate the travel of citizens between these countries.
- Improve trade and E- commerce data collection and accessibility. National statistics authorities can publish standardized country-level cross-border trade and e-commerce trade statistics regularly.
- Raise business awareness. Business and regional trade associations can organize trade forums and workshops and create online platforms and guidebooks to highlight trade regulations, procedures, and opportunities in the PRC, specifically in the Xinjiang region.
- Foster SME participation in global online marketplaces. Relevant government offices can provide training and certification for SMEs to meet Chinese and international e-commerce standards. They can also invest in high-speed internet and mobile connectivity, as well as develop clear and supportive legal frameworks for e-commerce.
- Simplify trade and customs procedures. Relevant government offices can harmonize procedures with the PRC by aligning customs regulations and standards, and reduce complexity in tax regulations for cross-border trade, especially for SMEs. They can also create digital platforms for real-time foreign exchange transactions and hedging services.
While challenges, such as regulatory barriers, logistical bottlenecks, and competition persist, opportunities arising from regional integration, e-commerce, and infrastructure development offer significant potential for growth for Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz Republic’s cross-border trade with the PRC.
Zalina Enikeeva
Research Fellow, Institute of Public Policy and Administration, University of Central Asia
ADB Maintains China’s 2025 Growth Forecast, Lowers Inflation Outlook
MANILA, PHILIPPINES (30 September 2025) — The economy of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is forecast to grow by 4.7% in 2025, unchanged from the April projection and close to the government’s target of about 5.0%, according to the Asian Development Outlook (ADO) September 2025 released today by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Growth is expected to moderate to 4.3% in 2026.
Expansionary fiscal policy, robust industrial activity, and strong exports drove higher-than-expected gross domestic product growth in the first half of 2025. However, the worsened external environment as well as the ongoing property market weakness and subdued household income growth and consumption are expected to continue weighing on growth in the second half of the year and into 2026.
“Policy support, including fiscal expansion and targeted subsidies, has helped sustain growth momentum despite headwinds from the property sector and external trade tensions,” said ADB Country Director for the PRC Asif S. Cheema. “Continued efforts to boost domestic consumption will be crucial for sustaining growth as external uncertainties may weigh on the demand for PRC exports.”
Inflation is now forecast at 0% for 2025 (down from 0.4% in April) and 0.4% for 2026 (down from 0.7%), reflecting continued food price deflation and subdued domestic demand.
Risks to the outlook remain tilted to the downside. Global trade environment and policy uncertainties pose challenges to the growth outlook. Timely implementation of stimulus and reform measures as suggested during the July Politburo meeting remains crucial to effectively offset these possible headwinds.
ADB is a leading multilateral development bank supporting inclusive, resilient, and sustainable growth across Asia and the Pacific. Working with its members and partners to solve complex challenges together, ADB harnesses innovative financial tools and strategic partnerships to transform lives, build quality infrastructure, and safeguard our planet. Founded in 1966, ADB is owned by 69 members—50 from the region.
Lifted from original news article: ADB Maintains China’s 2025 Growth Forecast, Lowers Inflation Outlook
Finance and Technologies for Grassland Ecosystem Restoration
Grasslands are vital ecosystems for both Mongolia and the People’s Republic of China (PRC), supporting biodiversity, climate regulation, and the livelihoods of pastoral communities. However, both countries face increasing pressures from land degradation, desertification, and climate change.
The PRC has implemented a range of large-scale restoration initiatives and ecological compensation schemes, alongside community-based conservation and development practices. These combined top-down and bottom-up approaches have achieved measurable improvements in vegetation cover, ecosystem resilience, and rural incomes. Meanwhile, Mongolia is advancing national strategies through its National Adaptation Plan and investment programs such as the Aimag and Soum Green Regional Economic Development Program, emphasizing grassland ecosystem restoration and sustainable livelihood development for herding communities.
The seminar, held in conjunction with the visit of a high-level Mongolian government delegation to the PRC, aims to deepen knowledge exchange on effective supportive policies, financial mechanisms, and technologies for grassland restoration and sustainable pastoral management. Discussions will draw on lessons from the PRC’s experience at national and subnational levels and explore opportunities for continued knowledge sharing and collaboration.
The delegation visit and seminar are supported by the ADB–PRC Regional Knowledge Sharing Initiative (RKSI), a South–South platform co-hosted by the Ministry of Finance of the PRC and ADB to facilitate knowledge exchange among ADB’s developing member countries. Under RKSI’s umbrella, the Talk China Seminar Series convenes experts and decision-makers to engage on urgent development themes.
Language: Chinese, Mongolian, English (Chinese-Mongolian and Chinese-English interpretation will be provided)
| Date/Time | Session |
|---|---|
| 08:30-08:40 | Welcome remarks Mr. Asif S. Cheema, Country Director, ADB PRC Resident Mission |
| 08:40-08:50 | Sharing I: Green finance to support grassland restoration and management Ms. Yan Wang, Director, Green Finance Division, Research Bureau of the People’s Bank of China (TBC) |
| 08:50-09:00 | Sharing II: Ecological rangeland management Ms. Keyu Bai, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
| 09:00-09:10 | Sharing III: Ecosystem valuation: eco-compensation mechanisms, gross environment product (GEP), and natural capital Mr. Au Shion Yee, ADB Principal Water Resources Specialist |
| 09:10-09:20 | Sharing IV: Carbon market development and grassland carbon credits Mr. Zhi Cheng, Chief Engineer, Ningxia CDM Service Center |
| 09:20-09:30 | Sharing V: Social capital mobilization for desertification control Ms. Jing Sun, Director of Desertification Prevention and Control, Society of Entrepreneurs and Ecology (SEE) Foundation |
| 09:30-10:30 | Discussions Facilitated by Mr. Aiming Zhou, Deputy Country Director, ADB PRC Resident Mission |
| 10:30-10:40 | Closing remarks
|
East Asia Forum 2025 and Talk China Seminar
ADB’s East Asia Forum (EAF) is an annual event organized by the East Asia Department (EARD) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The forum aims to share lessons from ADB’s operations and knowledge work in East Asia—with special emphasis on the People’s Republic of China (PRC)—with a wider audience. In the spirit of South-South learning, the EAF facilitates the exchange of ideas and practices among key stakeholders in Asia and the Pacific. It is supported by EARD-administered technical assistance and various funding sources, including the People’s Republic of China’s Poverty Reduction and Regional Cooperation Fund (PRCF).
The East Asia Forum 2025, with the theme “Advancing High-Quality Development in East Asia: Productivity, Innovation, and Economic Openness,” aims to:
- Share knowledge and good practices from East Asia on enhancing productivity, driving innovation, and promoting economic openness, notably in the service sector.
- Discuss key trends in achieving high-quality economic development.
- Explore innovative practices, policies, and technologies to increase productivity, encourage innovation, and further open economic sectors.
- Encourage replication of successful experiences from the PRC and other East Asian economies across other ADB members.
The ADB–PRC Regional Knowledge Sharing Initiative (RKSI) is a South–South platform jointly established by the Ministry of Finance of the PRC and ADB to promote development knowledge exchange among ADB’s developing member countries. As part of its efforts, RKSI organizes the Talk China Seminar Series, a quarterly event that brings together experts and policymakers to explore pressing development issues. The upcoming session- the third in the series- will focus on harnessing artificial intelligence (AI) for high-quality development, featuring expert discussions and field visits to AI sites in Beijing.
Venue: Kerry Hotel, Beijing
Agenda
| Date/Time | Session | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 8:30-9:00 | Registration | ||
| 9:00-9:30 | Welcome Remarks Scott Morris, Vice-President (East and Southeast Asia, and the Pacific), Asian Development Bank (ADB) Distinguished Guest Speaker Liao Min, Vice Minister of Finance, People’s Republic of China | ||
| 9:30-9:35 | Photo Session | ||
| 9:35-9:50 | Setting the Stage: Enhancing Productivity and Openness in East Asia and Beyond Chong-En Bai, Dean of the School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University | ||
| 9:50-10:20 | Coffee/Tea Break | ||
| 10:20-12:40 | Session 1: Boosting Productivity through Competition and Innovation: Experience from the PRC and Other Countries Presentation 1: Boosting Total Factor Productivity through Competition and Innovation: Experience of the PRC Bert Hofman, National University of Singapore, former Country Director of World Bank, PRC, and former Chief Economist for the World Bank in the East Asia and Pacific region Presentation 2: Australia’s Experience in Boosting Productivity and Competitiveness Catie Bradbear, Assistant Commissioner, Australian Productivity Commission Panel Discussion Moderator: Scott Morris, Vice-President (East and Southeast Asia, and the Pacific), ADB Panelists:
Q and A | ||
| 12:40-2:30 | Lunch break | ||
| 2:30-4:30 | Session 2: Expanding Economic Openness and Service Sector Liberalization in the PRC and Experience from Other Countries Presentation 1: Shamshad Akhtar, Chairperson of Board of Directors for Pakistan Stock Exchange; former Minister of Finance, Government of Pakistan; former Executive Secretary of UNESCAP Presentation 2: Opening the PRC’s Services Industry for Innovative and Shared Development Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås, Visiting Professor, Örebro University, Sweden; Senior Associate, Council on Economic Policies, Switzerland Panel Discussion Moderator: Justine Diokno-Sicat, Alternate Executive Director, ADB Panelists:
Q and A | ||
| 4:30-4:45 | Closing Remarks Shu Zhan, Alternate Executive Director, ADB | ||
| 4:45 onwards | Networking Reception |
| Date/Time | Session | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 9:00-9:10 | Opening Remarks Muhammad Ehsan Khan, Director General, East Asia Department, ADB Zhan Shu, Alternate Executive Director, ADB | ||
| 9:10-10:10 | Session 1: What Experiences from the PRC Can be Learned and Replicated in the Region Presentation: Promoting AI Applications for High-Quality Development in the PRC Tongning Wu, Deputy Director Artificial Intelligence Research Institute China Academy of Information and Communications Technology Panel Discussion: Moderator: Aiming Zhou, Deputy Country Director, ADB PRC Resident Mission Panelists
| ||
| 10:10-10:30 | Tea Break | ||
| 10:30-11:30 | Session 2: How ADB Can Support DMCs with AI Application to Promote High-Quality Development Presentation: ADB’s Role in Promoting AI Application in the Region Albert Park, Chief Economist and Director General, Economic Research and Development Impact Department, ADB Panel Discussion: Moderator: Bobur Alimov, Advisor, EARD, ADB Panelists:
Q and A | ||
| 11:30-13:00 | Lunch break | ||
| 13:00-14:00 | Departure from the Kerry Hotel for site visit | ||
| 14:00-16:30 | Site visit: Beijing Innovation Center of Humanoid Robotics, Beijing High-level Autonomous Driving Demonstration (BJHAD) Zone Innovation and Operation Center, to experience the WeRide Autonomous Bus. | ||
| 16:30-17:30 | Return to the hotel |
Day 1
New Hope: Improving Livestock Business Models within and across Borders
Asia Bond Monitor – March 2025
Bridging Skills Gaps: Central Asia Can Learn From Guangxi’s TVET Innovations
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is essential for economic development, supplying the skills required for the evolving labor markets. By aligning vocational education with industry needs, TVET enhances employability, reduces skills gaps, and boosts productivity. It plays a critical role in fostering inclusive growth, improving workforce quality, and ensuring a competitive edge in the global economy.
To support learning from a robust model of TVET development, ADB-PRC Regional Knowledge Sharing Initiative (RKSI) has financed a knowledge exchange for ten government officials and vocational school leaders from five Central Asian countries (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan) to Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, located in southern People’s Republic of China (PRC) on 9–12 December 2024. The study tour was organized by Sectors Group Human and Social Development Sector Office (SG-HSD) and Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program (CAREC) and also brought seven ADB sector specialists from Manila headquarters and several country offices. As a key gateway between PRC and Southeast Asia, Guangxi has been at the forefront of cross-border cooperation and benefitted from ADB-financed programs to enhance its TVET system. The knowledge exchange provided an opportunity to explore PRC’s best practices in modernizing its TVET system, focusing on industry partnerships, work-based learning, and income-generation activities, with insights from ADB-supported programs.
Policies and ADB’s Support on Guangxi’s TVET System
Guangxi has made significant policy efforts in advancing TVET, including the establishment of vocational education reform pilot zones in collaboration with the Ministry of Education in 2009–2013. In 2019, the region launched a program to build high-level vocational colleges, known as the “Double Excellence, Double High” initiative, which focuses on improving the quality of education and training. In 2023, Guangxi became a pilot province for the Ministry of Education’s modern vocational education system, solidifying its commitment to aligning TVET with industry needs.
A key driver of Guangxi’s progress was the Guangxi Modern TVET Development Program (2017–2022), co-financed by ADB and KfW Bankengruppe. This results-based lending program focused on improving the relevance, quality, and inclusiveness of TVET education. By aligning curricula with local labor market demands in the region’s priority growth sectors, the program helped equip students with practical skills, thereby improving employment opportunities, reducing the “skills gap” and driving regional economic development. The program received the 2021 ADB Best Performance Loan Project Award and benefited over one million students.
With the program now completed, its achievements have broader implications as a regional public good. Through facilitating cross-border knowledge exchange, particularly in areas like industry partnerships, curriculum development and the creation of international training bases, Guangxi has shared valuable lessons with neighboring countries.
Central Asia’s Challenges on TVET
Acute shortages of well-trained and job-ready workforce hinder Central Asian countries’ economic growth. Low quality of vocational skills, a mismatch between education and labor market needs, outdated infrastructure, and resource constraints limit the region’s ability to build a competitive workforce to align with the growing market demand. All Central Asian countries are taking measures to enhance their TVET systems, improve the quality and relevance of education, and develop better linkages with industry. Guangxi’s successful experiences, particularly in aligning TVET curricula with labor market demand and fostering cross-border cooperation, made it an ideal model to learn from.
Guangxi’s Approach to TVET Development
Guangxi’s modernization of its TVET system stands out not only for its alignment with local industry needs but also for its emphasis on international cooperation—particularly with ASEAN countries. This strategic positioning, due to Guangxi’s proximity to Southeast Asia, has allowed the region to serve as a key platform for cross-border educational and technical exchanges, closely linked to supporting mutual economic benefits.
Among the key initiatives driving Guangxi’s success in TVET are:
- Strategic alignment: Guangxi’s TVET sector plans have been built on the central government’s Five-Year Plan(s), which ensured alignment of skills development with forecasted growth of priority sectors in the province – this was key in reducing the “skills mismatch” between TVET and labor market needs.
- Highly developed school-industry partnerships: Guangxi brought industry to the schools by setting up fully equipped operational workshops working under direct partnership arrangements with the industry and offering goods and services to the market. Colleges are incentivized by financial freedom and benefits that such partnership bring.
- Cross-border knowledge exchange and curriculum development: Guangxi has established platforms such as the China-ASEAN Vocational Education Exhibition and Forum, which facilitates the exchange of best practices in TVET. This forum has led to more than 100 signed projects, promoting curriculum development and industry training practices.
- Building overseas training bases: Guangxi has expanded its international reach by establishing China-ASEAN Modern Craftsmen Colleges. These institutions focus on building a highly skilled workforce, with a focus on the “Chinese + Vocational Education” model, enhancing both local and international faculty, and promoting cross-cultural exchanges in technical training.
- Preparing a tech-savvy workforce: With rapid technological advancements in recent decades and the growing need for a tech-savvy workforce to meet future demands, Guangxi has strategically aligned its TVET programs to cultivate a future-ready workforce across all sectors. Technologies such as big data, intelligent robotics, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and other digital solutions are being seamlessly integrated into all vocational training areas. This tech-first approach, combined with the pervasive incorporation of technology throughout TVET, promises a bright future for workforce development.
- Internationalization of TVET: The China-ASEAN Vocational Education Cloud Platform allows the sharing of international teaching resources, benefiting vocational institutions across ASEAN countries. With over 199 shared resources, this platform enhances the quality of education across the region. Guangxi also offers scholarships to students from ASEAN countries, with over 1,000 students annually enrolled in vocational programs at Guangxi’s institutions. This exchange not only enhances the educational experience but also fosters long-term ties between China and its Southeast Asian neighbors.
Conclusion
Guangxi’s experience in modernizing its TVET system offers valuable lessons for Central Asia and beyond. The success of the ADB-supported Guangxi Modern TVET Development Program highlights the importance of aligning vocational education with industry needs, fostering international cooperation, and improving educational quality. As Central Asia faces similar challenges, Guangxi’s approach may serve as a model for enhancing TVET systems, promoting cross-border knowledge exchange, and developing skilled workforce.
Participants’ reflections:
“Azerbaijan can benefit from applying Guangxi’s best practices to improve vocational education by collaborating with both local industries and international partners, particularly in areas such as green energy and technological innovations. All these aspects provide valuable potential for adaptation and application in Azerbaijan, where reforms in vocational education and training are ongoing.”
Rustam Abdullaev, Head of the Vocational Education Policy Division, Ministry of Science and Education, Azerbaijan
“The knowledge gained about the Chinese TVET system significantly expanded our horizons. I was especially impressed by the acquaintance with the dual education system in colleges in Nanning and Guilin. We are grateful for the knowledge, which will certainly help us in further developing our systems.”
Myrad Kerjayev, Head of Ashgabat Secondary Professional School of Tourism, Turkmenistan
